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Servicing: International, Federal, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Puerto Rico
Tax preparation is the process of organizing and submitting your financial information to complete your tax return, which is then filed with the relevant tax authority, such as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or state department of revenue, or international tax authority.
Decide based on a cost-benefit analysis of the expertise and cost of providing the service within your organization versus that of a third-party professional. Expertise ultimately translates into cost as well, as greater expertise can result in more tax savings, less time preparing taxes, and lower risks of audits and penalties.
Hiring a third-party professional has the potential benefit of utilizing the Tax Professional Reasonable Reliance Defense to guard against liability for accuracy-related penalties for negligence or intentional disregard of rules or regulations.
(i) United States Code, 26 U.S.C. § 1 – 1564 (i.e. Internal Revenue Code (IRC))
(ii) Code of Federal Regulations, 26 C.F.R. § 1 – 899
(iii) IRS Publications and Guidance
(iv) Federal Court Case Law
(v) State Tax Law & Regulations
(vi) State Court Case Law
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Servicing: International, Federal
U.S. taxpayers who hold foreign bank accounts or certain foreign financial assets may have reporting obligations.
(i) U.S. persons and entities with financial interest in or signature authority over foreign financial accounts exceeding a certain value (e.g. $10,000) must submit a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) on FinCen Form 114, filed with the Department of Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCen). This is an annual obligation; filing deadline is April 15, with a 6-month automatic extension to Oct 15 available.
(ii) Specified domestic entities include certain domestic corporations, partnerships, and trusts that have an interest in specified foreign financial assets and the total value of assets was more than $50,000 on the last day of the tax year, or more than $75,000 at any time during the tax year must file a Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) report on IRS Form 8938. This is an annual obligation; form is filed with federal income tax return.
(i) United States Code, 26 U.S.C. § 5314 (i.e. Internal Revenue Code (IRC))
(ii) United States Code, 26 U.S.C. § 1471 – 1474 (i.e. Internal Revenue Code (IRC))
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Servicing: Federal
Monitor a business’s IRS account for either code changes input by the IRS that indicate forthcoming audits, tax liens, or other adverse IRS actions. The service also monitors certain taxpayer submissions to the IRS to check for irregularities to be corrected (e.g. missed payroll tax filings).
Early detections of filing irregularities and IRS actions can save the business interest, penalties, forfeitures, liens, as well as significant time and stress.
Typically flat fee.
Typically paid upfront for monitoring over a given time period.
Business signs an IRS Form 2848, usually prepared by the provider.
None. The Form 2848 nor the monitoring of a business’s IRS increases any risk of adverse action from the IRS or otherwise flag the account for any additional scrutiny.
Business provides service provider the necessary information to complete IRS Form 2848. Service provider prepares the IRS Form 2848 and the business signs it. IRS Form 2848 is submitted to the IRS to give service provider access to business’s IRs tax account for monitoring.
All.
(i) Reads IRS transcripts pulled from your IRS.gov tax account
(ii) IRS Transcript Codes
Recover or reduce IRS penalties as far back as 2001 for failing to file a tax return, pay on time, and/or to deposit taxes when due.
Refund from the IRS or reduction in penalty balance due to the IRS.
Reductions of penalty balances due occur immediately. IRS refunds can take between 2 weeks and 6 months.
Typically 5%-30% of the value recovered. If negotiated, usually the larger the recovery the lower percentage paid.
Depends on the Business’s financial circumstances as well as the size of the recovery. Typically, smaller recoveries require payment upfront while larger recoveries split invoices, 1 to start the service and 1 at the complete of the service or upon actual recovery by the Business.
There are two timing risks. First, if a penalty is still accruing, the service does not stop more penalties from accruing, it only abates previously accrued penalties. For example, if the Business is late on paying their Federal income taxes they are accruing penalties for failure to pay. If the penalties already accrued are abated before the Business pays its Federal income taxes, then failure to pay penalties will continue to accrue after the abatement. In this case, the taxes should be paid first, then the Business should seek abatement of the penalty. The second timing risk is choosing which year to request. Typically, except for particular circumstances, penalty abatements must occur at least 3 years apart. So if the Business is expecting to incur a larger penalty this year then they have in the three previous years, then the Business should wait until the penalty for this year has accrued and seek abatement for the largest penalty within a 4 year period.
Business provides service provider the necessary information to complete IRS Form 2848. Service provider prepares the IRS Form 2848 and the business signs it. IRS Form 2848 is submitted to the IRS to give service provider access to business’s IRs tax account for investigation into penalty abatement opportunities. Once identified, the service provider often presents those opportunities to the Business, negotiates a fee, then contacts the IRS on the Business’s behalf to negotiate for the penalty abatement.
All
(i) Internal Revenue Manuals (IRM) 20.1.1.3.3.2.1
(ii) Penalties Eligible for Abatement: Internal Revenue Code (IRC) 6651; IRC 6656; IRC 6698; IRC 6699
A federal tax deduction of up to $1.80 per square foot for building owners, tenants, or designers of buildings that meet or exceed a certain energy and power standard. Tenants may be eligible if they make energy efficient construction expenditures. If the system or building is installed on federal, state, or local government property, the 179D tax deduction may be taken by the person primarily responsible for the system’s design, with the government owner’s approval to transfer the deduction (that the public entity cannot use). The 179D tax deduction does not apply to other non-tax paying entities, including but not limited to NGOs or churches, unless there exists an energy-as-a-service agreement that is owned by a tax paying company.
One time Federal tax deduction which decreases taxable income.
Median ranges from 5:1 to 20:1.
Federal tax benefit realized by a reduction in federal tax payments or, in the case of Net Operating Losses, in the year(s) in which the loss created by the deduction is applied.
See ROI.
Provider dependent. Typical arrangements include (1) Full payment up front, (2) Progress payments, and (3) Full payment upon completion. Depending on the time of year, payments usually occur before benefit is realized.
Provide service provider with building drawings and specifications, costs associated with the purchase or construction of the building, allow for a site visit and access to building utility systems which typically take less than a day (requires a contact/representative on site), and contact with tax preparer.
This is a relatively low risk tax position since a certified engineer is required for sign off. Low audit rates and easy to prove if audited.
This tax deduction is not currently a red flag to the IRS so audits of the 179D Deduction would most likely happen, if at all, 2-3 years from the date filed.
Provide documentary information listed above, arrange and execute site visit, service provider calculates benefit (and maybe delivers a report) and will have an engineer certified in this deduction sign off, then the deduction is included in the tax return and filed. A change in accounting method form can be included in the current year tax return to claim benefits from prior tax years.
Manufacturing and Commercial Development. Not restricted to any specific industry, just need an energy efficient building.
(i) United States Code, 26 USC §179D
(ii) Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 makes the law permanent.
(iii) There are various Internal Revenue Bulletins, Public Laws, IRS Memoranda, and IRS Notices that update and change the provisions of the original law.
Servicing: North Carolina
Commercial property taxes are based on the assessed value of the commercial property. Commercial property values are reassessed periodically by county tax administration departments. Instead of waiting for the next periodic valuation of a commercial property, a successful appeal could adjust the commercial property value to a more accurate fair market value.
Common commercial property reassessment and appeal opportunities may include:
(i) Errors in initial property assessment due to incorrect or outdated property information, improper inclusion of abandoned, sold, or otherwise other-owned property, double assessment, or under-depreciated assets.
(ii) Shifts in market conditions due to economic downturns, changes in demand, or increase in vacancy rates.
(iii) Property damage or functional obsolescence.
(iv) Unequal valuation of similar properties.
(v) Recent purchase of similar property(s) at a lower price
(vi) Unaccounted for depreciation
(i) Refer to the tax authority for the county in which the property resides.
(ii) State specific tax statues, regulations, procedures, and case law.
Accelerates the depreciation of buildings owned by the business (on balance sheet). Commercial buildings are most often depreciated evenly over a 39-year or 27.5 year period. With Cost Segregation, a portion of a building’s depreciation from future years can be brought forward to the current year to increase cash flow.
Increased Federal tax deduction which increases cashflow or Net Operating Losses.
Varies widely. Median ranges from 10:1 to 100:1.
Benefit realized in the first year and often for the 5 – 10 subsequent years.
Business provides service provider with address of the building, specifications and drawings of the building, and the tax asset schedule from the most recent tax return or building costs for new constructions. Business also facilitates a site visit by the service provider.
Cost Segregation is a low-risk tax position with low audit rates. Risk exposure occurs when Cost Segregation positions are either (1) not supported by documentation or (2) the segregation of building costs is incorrect.
This tax deduction is not currently a red flag to the IRS. If an audit were to occur this would most likely happen, if at all, 2-3 years from the date filed.
Business provides service provider with documentation, access to building for the site visit cost segregation report will then be delivered to the client who will give this report to their tax provider to include with the tax return when filed.
Applies to all real estate held for profit.
(i) Internal Revenue Code §167
(ii) IRS Publication 946
(iii) IRS Cost Segregation Audit Techniques Guide
(iv) Revenue Procedure (Rev. Proc.) 62-21, 1962-2 C.B. 418.
Federal tax credit for businesses who make technical improvements to products, processes, computer software, techniques, formulas, or inventions.
A tax refund, reduction of tax liability, or deferred tax asset equal to approximately 6% – 20% of research and development costs in a given year. For some businesses, the credit can be applied against the employer portion of payroll taxes.
Typically between 3:1 and 6:1
Reduction of tax liability is realized at the time on tax payment. Tax refunds often take between 3 to 9 months from filing. Deferred tax assets are recorded upon completion of the service. Payroll tax reduction realized as soon as the first quarter after filing the credit.
Business provides service provider with tax returns, general ledger details, profit & loss statements, W-2s, 1099-MISCs / NECs, R&D related contracts, and R&D workpapers for, at minimum, the year in which R&D is to be claimed and the 3 prior years. In some cases, the service provider will interview Business owners and employees involved in and familiar with the R&D; this maybe occur remotely or on site at the business.
Lack of responsiveness and organization by the Business or lack of preparedness, expertise, or diligence by the service provider can increase the organizational time and energy required to complete the service.
The IRS has increased scrutiny for certain R&D tax credits that come from unlikely businesses or outside the range of normal for the industry. Improper claims can result in forfeiture of the credit, additional interest, and penalties.
IRS audits most likely happen, if at all, 1-3 years from the date filed.
Business provides service provider with requested documentation. Service provider speaks with requested personnel at the Business. Service provider calculates the credit and delivers substantiating report. Tax credit claimed on tax return and/or amended tax return filed to claim refund.
Automotive, Consumer goods, Aviation & Aerospace, Retail & eCommerce, Food & Beverages, Medical devices, Biotechnology, Oil & Energy, Financial services, Telecommunications, Renewables & Environment, Apparel & Fashion, Logistics & Supply Chain, Craft beer companies, Cannabis companies, Farmers & agriculture, Advertising/Marketing analytics, and Logistics.
(i) Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §41 [add_linebreak] (ii) IRS Audit Techniques Guide: Credit for Increasing Research Activities
Transfer pricing is about determining fair market value for internal corporate transactions, meaning the exchange of good, services, or assets amongst related entities. Transfer pricing strategies aim to minimize tax liability, identify tax advantageous opportunities, and survive tax authority scrutiny. Examples of transfer pricing include:1. The sale of goods between a subsidiary manufacturer and a subsidiary distribution.2. the provision of technical support between related entities.3. The licensing of intellectual property, like trademarks or patents, to related entities.
(i) Internal Revenue Code at Section (IRC) 482 (ii) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) on Responsible Business Conduct (iii) Country Specific Tax laws & Regulations
The Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) is a federal law that requires most corporations, limited liability companies, and any other company created by filing a document with a state to report information about their beneficial owners to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). It’s purpose is to help prevent and combat money laundering, terrorist financing, corruption, and tax fraud.
If your company already exists as of January 1, 2024, it must file its initial BOI report by January 1, 2025.
If your company is created or registered to do business in the United States on or after January 1, 2024, and before January 1, 2025, it will have 90 calendar days after receiving actual or public notice that the company’s creation or registration is effective to file its initial BOI report. Specifically, this 90-calendar day deadline runs from the time the company receives actual notice that its creation or registration is effective, or after a secretary of state or similar office first provides public notice of its creation or registration, whichever is earlier.
If your company is created or registered on or after January 1, 2025, it will have 30 calendar days from actual or public notice that its creation or registration is effective to file its initial BOI report.
It is unlawful for any person to willfully fail to report complete or update beneficial ownership information to FinCEN. Any person violating the reporting requirements of the Corporate Transparency Act is liable for civil penalties of not more than $500 for each day that the violation continues and criminal penalties of imprisonment of up to two years and fines of up to $10,000.
Flat fee or hourly.
(i) Create FinCEN ID (https://fincen.gov/boi)
(ii) File Beneficial Ownership Information Report using E-Filing system (https://fincen.gov/boi)
(i) Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (https://fincen.gov/boi)
(ii) 2021 National Defense Authorization Act – Implementing legislation
(iii) 31 U.S.C. 5336 – Beneficial ownership information reporting requirements
(iv) 31 CFR 1010.380 – Implementing Regulation
Create, review, and negotiate legally sound and enforceable employment arrangements that comply with relevant state and federal laws.
(i) Federal statues administered by agencies such as the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL).
(ii) Federal case law.
(iii) Statue statues administered by state agencies.
(iv) State case law.
Servicing: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Puerto Rico
Cash flow analysis is the process of examining, interpreting, and forecasting the cash inflows (money coming in) and cash outflows (money going out) within a business over a specific period. It helps businesses understand where their cash comes from, what it’s used for, how much is left over, as well as projecting future cash inflows and outflows for effective cash management and planning.
Several metrics and ratios are used in cash flow analysis to assess a company’s financial health, including operating cash flow, working capital, days sales outstanding (DSO), days payable outstanding (DPO), current ratio, and cash flow coverage ratio.
(i) Assess financial health: Understand a company’s ability to generate cash to meet its obligations and invest in growth.
(ii) Determine working capital: Determine the amount of money available to operate the business and manage daily expenses.
(iii) Inform decision-making: Guide decisions regarding budgeting, pricing strategies, investment opportunities, financing needs, and expansion plans.
(iv) Detect financial issues: Identify potential problems early on, such as insufficient cash flow, allowing for proactive intervention.
Cash Flow Analysis is not a regulated service, however, it does have two primary methods:
(i) Direct Method: Calculates cash flows by summarizing actual cash receipts and payments.
(ii) Indirect Method: Adjusts net income for non-cash items and changes in working capital to arrive at operating cash flow.
A Fractional or Virtual CFO (Chief Financial Officer) is a financial executive who provides part-time, interim, or project-based CFO services to companies in need of financial leadership and strategic guidance, without the cost and commitment of hiring a full-time CFO.
Both fractional and virtual often refer to the same service, the difference being virtual is a service exclusively not delivered on-site.
Fractional and Virtual CFOs are governed by private contract subject to state statute and case law.
Financial reporting is the process of systematically documenting and communicating a company’s financial performance and position. It involves creating and presenting financial statements like the Balance Sheet (BS), Income Statement (IS) / Profit & Loss Statement (P&L), Cash Flow Statement (CF), Statement of Shareholders’ Equity (SE) which provide insights into a company’s financial health to both internal and external stakeholders.
The purpose of financial reporting is to provide stakeholders (including management, investors, lenders, and regulators) with accurate and timely information to assess a company’s financial status and make informed decisions.
(i) The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) sets accounting and reporting standards for public and private entities following Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the U.S..
(ii) The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) establishes GAAP for U.S. state and local governments.
(iii) The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) develops International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), used globally to enhance financial reporting.
(iv) The Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) issues standards for the U.S. federal government.
(v) The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has the authority to set and enforce accounting standards, particularly for public companies adhering to GAAP.
(vi) The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) oversees audits of public companies. State Boards of Accountancy regulate licensed accounting professionals within their states.
(vii) The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) develops standards for audits of nonpublic entities and sets ethical requirements for its members.
(viii) The National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) coordinates state boards and promotes uniform regulations.
Servicing: All States
Bookkeeping is the recording, organizing, and maintaining of a business’s financial transactions. Bookkeeping does not involve the analysis, interpretation, and reporting of financial data, which falls within accounting services.
Bookkeeping is not Accounting, Tax Accounting, Financial Reporting, or Tax Preparation.
Servicing: Federal, All States
Tax accounting is how a company determines its tax liability, which can differ from a company’s financial accounting practices for determining its assets and liabilities on a balance sheet. Tax accounting is used by companies to help them make the proper tax calculations and prepare tax documents in time for filing season.
Tax accounting is used by companies to:
1. Make the proper tax calculations
2. Prepare tax documents in time for filing
3. Ensure compliance with tax and financial regulations to avoid penalties
4. Benefit from tax programs that can save them money on their taxes
(i) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 740
(ii) United States Code, 26 U.S.C. § 1 – 1564 (i.e. Internal Revenue Code (IRC))
(iii) Code of Federal Regulations, 26 C.F.R. § 1 – 899
(iv) IRS Publications and Guidance
(v) Federal Court Case Law
(vi) State Tax Law & Regulations
(vii) State Court Case Law
Financial Accounting is the recording, summarizing, and reporting a company’s financial transactions. The goal is to provide a clear and organized view of a business’s financial activities and health for external stakeholders like investors, lenders, and regulators. Financial Accounting typically generates -Income Statement: Shows a company’s revenues and expenses over a period, revealing its profitability. -Balance Sheet: Provides a snapshot of a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time. -Cash Flow Statement: Summarizes the cash generated and used by a company over a period, categorized into operating, investing, and financing activities. The primary purpose of financial accounting is to provide stakeholders with reliable information to make informed decisions. This includes decisions about investing, lending, and evaluating the company’s financial performance and position. It also helps in ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, according to BMC Training.
Forensic accounting is a specialized field that combines accounting, auditing, and investigative skills to examine financial records and transactions.
Common goals of forensic accounting are: to uncover fraud, embezzlement, or other financial misconduct, litigation support (e.g. bankruptcy or insolvency, insurance claims), damage quantification, and risk management.
Forensic accountants often work in legal settings, providing expert testimony and helping to resolve financial disputes.
Forensic accounting follows the same practices as the accounting standard utilized by the client. So authorities may include:
A 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored retirement savings plan that allows employees to contribute a portion of their salary, often pre-tax, into a designated retirement account. The money is invested and can grow tax-free or with deferred taxes, depending on the type of 401(k) plan. Employers may also offer matching contributions, further boosting retirement savings.
Employers offer 401(k) plans for a variety of reasons, including to: attract and retain talented employees, help their workforce save for retirement, and potential tax advantages.
There are 4 initial steps in setting up a 401(k) plan: (1) Adopt a written plan document (2) Arrange a trust for the plan’s assets (3) Develop a recordkeeping system (4) Provide plan information to eligible employees
Depending on the characteristics of your company and what your business is trying to achieve with a 401(k) plan, a company could (1) set the 401(k) up themselves; (2) utilize a all-in-one platform; or (3) employ a traditional plan provider.
(i) United States Code, 26 USC § 401(k)
(ii) Code of Federal Regulations, 26 CFR § 1.401(k)-1
(iii) IRS Publications 560, 3998, 4118, 4222, 4224, 4674
Examines your current business practices and benchmarks them against the critical ESG material issues for your industry, providing insights into what your competitors are doing and what your investors, customers, workers, and communities desire from your business. The assessment may include outputs such as: an industry-specific materiality assessment, a review of major ESG frameworks and a recommendation to utilize the most relevant framework(s) based on a company’s strategic plan and ESG goals.
(i) International Organization for Standardization certifies ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems (EMS).
(ii) D Lab certifies B-Corporation status.
(iii) US Green Building Council (USGBC) certifies Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED).
(iv) Fair Trade certification organizations include: Fairtrade International & FLOCERT, Fair Trade USA, Fair for Life, and The World Fair Trade Organization.
(v) Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) certification organizations include: Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Institute, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), EcoVadis, and Société Générale de Surveillance (SGS).
A collaboration between your leadership team and provider to identify your company’s Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) priorities, create initiatives, strategize the initiatives to minimize risks and take advantage of market opportunities, and ultimately create an actionable implementation plan.
Establishing your company’s ESG program with objectives and key results to advance initiatives. This may required investment in outsourced program management if the internal resources are unable to support the program.
Selecting the best tools and tactics to publicly disclose corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data in order to maximize the desired impact on stakeholders and the company itself.
Assistance to help your company achieve the desired ESG, build alignment and engagement with your ESG Certification to support recruiting and retention, and coordinating with branding professionals to share ESG Certification and successes with investors, customers, and your community.
Go to RFP Email RFP Servicing: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Puerto Rico Request New Service Area Service Description: Cash flow analysis is the process of examining, interpreting, and forecasting the cash inflows (money coming in) and cash outflows (money going out) within a business over a specific period. It helps businesses understand where their cash comes from, what it’s used for, how much is left over, as well as projecting future cash inflows and outflows for effective cash management and planning. Several metrics and ratios are used in cash flow analysis to assess a company’s financial health, including operating cash flow, working capital, days sales outstanding (DSO), days payable outstanding (DPO), current ratio, and cash flow coverage ratio. Benefit: (i) Assess financial health: Understand a company’s ability to generate cash to meet its obligations and invest in growth. (ii) Determine working capital: Determine the amount of money available to operate the business and manage daily expenses. (iii) Inform decision-making: Guide decisions regarding budgeting, pricing strategies, investment opportunities, financing needs, and expansion plans. (iv) Detect financial issues: Identify potential problems early on, such as insufficient cash flow, allowing for proactive intervention. Authorities For Further Research: Cash Flow Analysis is not a regulated service, however, it does have two primary methods: (i) Direct Method: Calculates cash flows by summarizing actual cash receipts and payments. (ii) Indirect Method: Adjusts net income for non-cash items and changes in working capital to arrive at operating cash flow. Update Service Information *Â *Â *Â *Â * [if_user_meta meta_key=”account_type” meta_value=”Provider”] Go to RFP [/if_user_meta]